Formation of a giant Zn–Pb deposit from hot brines injecting into a shallow oil–gas reservoir in sandstones, Jinding, southwestern China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The association between mineralisation and hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins is widely recognised, but the nature and significance of their relationships are not fully understood. This paper provides an example of metalliferous brines injecting into a palaeo‐oil–gas reservoir to form a world‐class Zn–Pb deposit (Jinding, China). Petrographic and microthermometric studies of oil inclusions and PVT simulations suggest that oil and gas were charged in a shallow (<1300 m) environment before mineralisation. This environment favoured bacterial sulphate reduction (BSR), which produced large amounts of H2S that accumulated in the gas cap. Forceful injection of hot brines penetrated the oil zone to reach the H2S‐rich gas cap and precipitated sulphide ores. Individual fluid injection events were short‐lived, and the reservoir was only partly and briefly heated to beyond the bacterial survival temperature. Episodic injection of metalliferous brines and sustained supply of H2S through BSR resulted in the formation of a large Zn–Pb deposit.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".