Trends in Psychostimulant and Antidepressant Use by Children in 2 Canadian Provinces
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We used population-based administrative prescription medication data to examine regional differences in psychostimulant and antidepressant (AD) use among children from 2 Canadian provinces: British Columbia (BC) and Manitoba (MB). METHOD: Using 1997 to 2003 prescription data, annual rates of psychostimulant and AD use were determined for children aged 19 years and under in both provinces. Further comparisons of rates were made according to sex, age group, and specific classes of dispensed medications. RESULTS: During 1997 to 2003, psychostimulant use rose by 44.9% in MB and 13.3% in BC. Among male children, psychostimulant use increased by 40.2% in MB, compared with an increase of only 8.6% in BC. AD utilization was similar between provinces, with increases of 80% and 75% in MB and BC, respectively. In both provinces, AD use was highest among older children. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations of regional variation in psychotropic medication use potentially reflect provincial differences in drug benefit policies, disease prevalence, and (or) physician diagnosis and treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".