Ocean Observation with Opto-Microfluidic Devices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The success of ocean observation relies on effective monitoring technologies with increased functionalities, minimized size, and reduced cost. In this study, opto-microfluidic devices for sensing the salinity and temperature of sea water are proposed and demonstrated, which can be prepared with ultrafast laser fabrication and two-photon polymerization techniques. By applying femtosecond lasers as a powerful tool to achieve laser microfabrication with unprecedented high precision and quality, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) has been fabricated and integrated into a microchannel as a miniaturized opto-microfluidic system. When the temperature changes or different saline solutions are introduced to the microchannel, different phase shifts in the MZI can be induced. The sensitivities of salinity and temperature have been found to be 215.744 nm/RIU and 0.519 nm/℃ for the opto-microfluidic systems developed in this study. Considering the impact of the temperature perturbation to the phase shift, temperature calibration is proposed for a precise salinity measurement. The results demonstrate the practicability of opto-microfluidic devices for real-time salinity and temperature monitoring of sea water in harsh environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".