Optic disc hemorrhages in glaucoma and common clinical features
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To analyze optic nerve head stereophotographs for the presence of optic disc hemorrhages, and to describe bleeding patterns and patient characteristics. DESIGN: Retrospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: 1113 optic nerve stereophotograph pairs of 562 consecutive patients. METHODS: Stereophotographs were systematically reviewed for the presence of a disc hemorrhage with careful documentation of optic nerve head features. All charts of patients with hemorrhage were subsequently studied for demographic information and clinical data. RESULTS: Disc hemorrhages were observed in 7.1% of patients with optic disc photography. Most patients had open-angle glaucoma (57.5%) with focal ischemic phenotype of the optic disc (66.7%). The mean vertical and horizontal cup-disc ratios were 0.82 ± 0.14 and 0.76 ± 0.14, respectively. The β-zone peripapillary atrophy was observed in 48.9% of patients. The most common location was the inferotemporal region of the disc (60.8%), and most were flame or splinter shaped (70.6%). Disc hemorrhages were found either superficial to or within the retinal nerve fibre layer (72.5%), and in association with a notch (64.4%). The average intraocular pressure was 17.3 ± 4.9 mm Hg, and most hemorrhages were associated with early visual field defects (42.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Optic disc hemorrhages in patients with glaucoma were most frequently observed inferiorly in association with a notch. Most eyes with a disc hemorrhage had an intraocular pressure within normal range and had either early or no visual field loss. These findings highlight the importance of careful examination of the optic nerve head to look for the presence of a disc hemorrhage as an important biomarker of glaucoma damage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".