Development Assistance and Relations between Canada and France in the 1960s and 1970s
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As relations between the Canadian and French Governments worsened in the early-to-mid?1960s, cooperating on aid for the French-speaking countries of Africa seemed to offer the two governments the opportunity to demonstrate that Franco-Canadian relations remained fundamentally sound. Yet as the?1960s progressed, the two governments found it impossible to cooperate meaningfully on aid for French Africa, a reflection of the mutual suspicions that characterised their relationship in this period, particularly over the question of the nature of the emerging francophonie and the inclusion therein of the province of Quebec. Overall, the experience of this period reinforced the tendency for both Canada and France to subordinate their aid policies to the pursuit of parochial national interests at the expense, in the long-term, of more efficient and effective programmes of aid for the world's developing countries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.035 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".