The International Relations between Regions and Federalism. The Canadian Provinces in the Context of North American Integration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The comparison of the external actions of Canadian provinces enables an analysis of the institutional configuration ' in this case federal ' as a significant factor for differentiation in the extent and methods of operating in the international arena. The examination of the double inscription of provinces in a regional integration process, with the ALENA and in future the ZLEA, and in a globalisation movement of exchanges reveals highly contrasting strategies: with the notable exception of Quebec, the priority given to economic exchanges goes hand in hand with a relegation, or even the abandoning of actions of a para-diplomatic nature. Quebec stands out owing to its ambition to transform international action into a fully-fledged foreign policy. This disparity, which is broadening, has to be resituated in a context characterised by a significant evolution in how federalism is perceived: the varying engagement of federated entities in international relations constitutes a good institutional gauge of the current redefinition of federal-provincial relations, a change which does not exclude a tendency towards centralisation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.024 | 0.026 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".