Security sector reform in Haiti since 2004: limits and prospects for public order and stability
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Security sector reform (SSR) has been at the core of the international intervention in Haiti since the mid-1990s. Following the deployment of MINUSTAH in 2004, the scope of SSR varied, with more or less consideration for non-state actors, and influenced public order and violence in the country. Under President René Préval (2006–2009), efforts were made to address the role of non-state actors in the production of public order and security provision at the local level, with positive impact on the level of public order in Port-au-Prince. After the 2010 earthquake and the election of Michel Martelly, however, this approach was mostly abandoned. International donors refocused their assistance in the security sector on the development of the national police. By 2014, despite continued international presence, Haiti registered the highest level of homicides since 2007. This article contends that state-centric SSR is unlikely to improve security and stability in this context since it ignores parts of the Haitian security sector.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".