Site Energy Distribution and X-ray Analyses of Nickel Loaded on Heterogeneous Adsorbents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The approximate site energy distributions were estimated to describe the adsorption of nickel ions on the heterogeneous surfaces of barley straw adsorbents based on the Langmuir–Freundlich model. The average site energy and standard deviation of the site energy distributions of the adsorbents were determined to analyze the interaction between the adsorbents and adsorbate, and the adsorption site heterogeneity. With higher site energy, the pretreated barley straw (PBS) has higher nickel adsorption capacity (59.5 mg/g) than most of the reported adsorbents. The bonding of nickel on PBS was investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopies. X-ray absorption near edge structure results indicated that the nickel adsorbed on PBS remained as Ni(II). Extended X-ray absorption fine structure data indicated that the adsorbed Ni was bonded to 6 oxygen atoms of carboxyl groups and/or water molecules. The results and methodology in this work are transferable to investigate other adsorption systems for separation applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".