Teenage sexual and reproductive behavior in developed countries. Can more progress be made
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Major Conclusions: Continued high levels of teenage childbearing in the United States compared with levels in Sweden France Canada and Great Britain reflect higher pregnancy rates and smaller proportions of pregnant teenagers having abortions. Since timing and levels of sexual activity are quite similar across countries the high U.S. rates arise primarily because of less and possibly less-effective contraceptive use by sexually active teenagers. Growing up in conditions of social and economic disadvantage is a powerful predictor of early childbearing in all five countries. The greater proportion of teenagers from disadvantaged families in the United States contributes to the country’s high teenage pregnancy rates and birthrates. At all socioeconomic levels however American teenagers are less likely to use contraceptives and more likely to have a child than their peers in the other countries. Stronger public support and expectations for the transition to adult economic roles and for parenthood in Sweden France Canada and Great Britain than in the United States provide young people with greater incentives and means to delay childbearing. Societal acceptance of sexual activity among young people combined with comprehensive and balanced information about sexuality and clear expectations about commitment and prevention of childbearing and STDs within teenage relationships are hallmarks of countries with low levels of adolescent pregnancy childbearing and STDs. Easy access to contraceptives and other reproductive health services in Sweden France Canada and Great Britain contributes to better contraceptive use and therefore lower teenage pregnancy rates than in the United States. Easy access means that adolescents know where to obtain information and services can reach a provider easily are assured of receiving confidential nonjudgmental care and can obtain services and contraceptive supplies at little or no cost. (excerpt)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".