Numerical Modeling of Pipe-Soil Interaction Under Transverse Direction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Based on the Winkler method, a pipe can be treated as a beam, and pipe-soil interactions can be represented by soil springs in the axial, horizontal and vertical directions. Pipe deflection and resultant forces are correlated by coefficient K in the equation F=Kδ, where F is the resultant force and δ is the pipe displacement. This paper studies pipe-soil interaction for pipelines buried in clay and sand subjected to displacements in oblique directions. The objective is to measure the effect of soil parameters on coefficient K as well as the maximum soil resistance. Pipe-soil behavior has been studied using the finite element software ABAQUS/CAE. There are 48 models in total with varying soil parameters, pipe burial depth and pipe-soil interaction friction for the investigation of the effect of each variable on pipe-soil behavior. In addition, the finite element results have been compared to the analytical results from American Lifelines Alliance guideline (ALA, 2001) and proposed failure envelopes in previous studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".