Dietary LA and sex effects on oxylipin profiles in rat kidney, liver, and serum differ from their effects on PUFAs

A vast literature on fatty acids in mammals exists, but comparable compositional data on oxylipins is lacking. Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were therefore provided control diets or diets with higher linoleic acid (LA) or with higher LA and α-linolenic acid (LA+ALA) for 6 weeks. Kidneys, livers, and serum were analyzed for oxylipins and fatty acids. The proportion of tissue oxylipins derived from LA was greater than the relative proportion of LA itself, whereas arachidonic acid (AA) oxylipins were overrepresented in serum. Higher dietary LA increased kidney LA and AA oxylipins, despite not altering LA or AA. In liver, both LA and AA and their oxylipins were higher, whereas in serum only LA oxylipins were higher with higher dietary LA. Higher LA resulted in a higher ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA-derived oxylipins; adding ALA to the LA diet mitigated this and many, but not all, effects of the LA diet. Approximately 40% of oxylipins detected were influenced by sex and, unlike their PUFA precursors, most (>90%) of these were higher in males. These differences in dietary LA and sex on oxylipin and fatty acid profiles further our understanding of the effects of fatty acids and may have implications for dietary LA recommendations. A vast literature on fatty acids in mammals exists, but comparable compositional data on oxylipins is lacking. Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were therefore provided control diets or diets with higher linoleic acid (LA) or with higher LA and α-linolenic acid (LA+ALA) for 6 weeks. Kidneys, livers, and serum were analyzed for oxylipins and fatty acids. The proportion of tissue oxylipins derived from LA was greater than the relative proportion of LA itself, whereas arachidonic acid (AA) oxylipins were overrepresented in serum. Higher dietary LA increased kidney LA and AA oxylipins, despite not altering LA or AA. In liver, both LA and AA and their oxylipins were higher, whereas in serum only LA oxylipins were higher with higher dietary LA. Higher LA resulted in a higher ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA-derived oxylipins; adding ALA to the LA diet mitigated this and many, but not all, effects of the LA diet. Approximately 40% of oxylipins detected were influenced by sex and, unlike their PUFA precursors, most (>90%) of these were higher in males. These differences in dietary LA and sex on oxylipin and fatty acid profiles further our understanding of the effects of fatty acids and may have implications for dietary LA recommendations. There is a vast and growing literature on fatty acids in mammals, but basic compositional data on the bioactive lipids derived from these fatty acids is currently lacking. One important set of bioactive lipids that mediate many of the effects of PUFAs are known as oxylipins. These oxygenated products of PUFAs are produced via the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathways to produce oxylipins, such as prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), leukotrienes (LTs), and many more, including the more recently described resolvins and protectins (1.Gabbs M. Leng S. Devassy J.G. Monirujjaman M. Aukema H.M. Advances in our understanding of oxylipins derived from dietary PUFAs.Adv. Nutr. 2015; 6: 513-540Crossref PubMed Scopus (398) Google Scholar). With the advancement of MS methods in tandem with LC (2.Deems R. Buczynski M.W. Bowers-Gentry R. Harkewicz R. Dennis E.A. Detection and quantitation of eicosanoids via high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.Methods Enzymol. 2007; 432: 59-82Crossref PubMed Scopus (139) Google Scholar), profiling of these oxylipins is now feasible. Several recent studies in renal disease suggest that PUFA composition may not necessarily provide an accurate reflection of oxylipins in tissues (3.Yamaguchi T. Devassy J.G. Gabbs M. Ravandi A. Nagao S. Aukema H.M. Dietary flax oil rich in alpha-linolenic acid reduces renal disease and oxylipin abnormalities, including formation of docosahexaenoic acid derived oxylipins in the CD1-pcy/pcy mouse model of nephronophthisis.Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2015; 94: 83-89Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar, 4.Caligiuri S.P. Love K. Winter T. Gauthier J. Taylor C.G. Blydt-Hansen T. Zahradka P. Aukema H.M. Dietary linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid differentially affect renal oxylipins and phospholipid fatty acids in diet-induced obese rats.J. Nutr. 2013; 143: 1421-1431Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar). Because fatty acid composition is often interpreted under the assumption that many of its effects are mediated via the oxylipins that it produces, it is imperative to determine the actual oxylipin profile and how it is associated with the PUFA profile under normal conditions. Oxylipin compared with fatty acid profiling may have relevance to dietary recommendations for PUFAs. For example, linoleic acid (LA) intake has increased over the last half century in North America (5.Blasbalg T.L. Hibbeln J.R. Ramsden C.E. Majchrzak S.F. Rawlings R.R. Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century.Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, in tissue linoleic acid of in the last half Nutr. 2015; 6: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), but a on intake has not for dietary LA the from of the to fatty acid to of the to the of disease in J. dietary and dietary for and fatty a J. Nutr. PubMed Scopus Google The dietary intake for fatty acids and the Dietary for of from PUFAs for of Dietary for Fatty and Acids. Scholar, of and and of Dietary for Scholar), the that more than from PUFAs may P. fatty acids and for a from the of the on and on and on and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). a higher n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio is to via its on altering the n-6/n-3 oxylipin profile J.G. Leng S. Gabbs M. Monirujjaman M. Aukema H.M. fatty acids and oxylipins in and of Nutr. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, R. Fatty acids from the of omega-3 fatty PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, omega-3 fatty acids and and 2015; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). it has recently that in LA the of LA oxylipins S.P. Love K. Winter T. Gauthier J. Taylor C.G. Blydt-Hansen T. Zahradka P. Aukema H.M. Dietary linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid differentially affect renal oxylipins and phospholipid fatty acids in diet-induced obese rats.J. Nutr. 2013; 143: 1421-1431Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar, C.E. A. S.F. J. Hibbeln J.R. linoleic in and implications for PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M. Dietary linoleic acid reduces in arachidonic acid of Google Scholar), in dietary LA in the normal of intake affect LA oxylipins is not The of dietary LA on LA oxylipins is important LA oxylipins more than half of oxylipins by S.P. Love K. Winter T. Gauthier J. Taylor C.G. Blydt-Hansen T. Zahradka P. Aukema H.M. Dietary linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid differentially affect renal oxylipins and phospholipid fatty acids in diet-induced obese rats.J. Nutr. 2013; 143: 1421-1431Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar). it is not known how normal dietary LA oxylipins derived from or PUFA-derived oxylipins. The arachidonic acid oxylipins are of as are the most and have effects (1.Gabbs M. Leng S. Devassy J.G. Monirujjaman M. Aukema H.M. Advances in our understanding of oxylipins derived from dietary PUFAs.Adv. Nutr. 2015; 6: 513-540Crossref PubMed Scopus (398) Google Scholar, omega-3 fatty acids and and 2015; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). in dietary LA not AA J. dietary linoleic acid not tissue arachidonic acid in a PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), it has that AA oxylipins are not but this of AA in is in AA oxylipins or oxylipin tissue is not Oxylipin profiling may to further understanding sex differences in and disease A. A. Advances in understanding in disease PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). effects on fatty acid have 6 and their fatty acid products and are in rats with and Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2013; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, E.A. P. and effects of omega-3 fatty acids in PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, of rats with and docosahexaenoic acid in and Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2013; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), but effects in oxylipins have to studies of or eicosanoids derived from AA in renal of in PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, of and on renal in the PubMed Scopus Google and to in and studies of sex effects on oxylipin and R. and of and in the kidney of J. 2015; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, R. A. and and and in PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). from these studies to with of the oxylipin profile in tissues may such and provide further understanding of sex differences in and In the the oxylipin profiles in liver, and serum and the of dietary LA and sex differences on these These compositional in to PUFA that the oxylipin profile from the profile of the and that dietary LA and sex effects on the oxylipin profile not the PUFA The serum oxylipin profile not tissue data has implications for further understanding of fatty acids and their effects on including dietary and sex and Sprague-Dawley rats were provided for a of The rats were provided diets on the that the diets oil diet of oil and the of oil as and in the diet composition The control diet of LA and α-linolenic acid In the LA diet more LA diet and the of The diet more LA diet than the control a higher ALA to the ratio of the control diet. The higher LA and ALA in the diets were the of diets and fatty acid diet were from for was from of fatty fatty fatty acid in a were and 6 of were with and via to to was The kidney and a of the were in liquid and were in with the for and by the of and were a was in and for oxylipin were and analyzed by as described S.P. Love K. Winter T. Gauthier J. Taylor C.G. Blydt-Hansen T. Zahradka P. Aukema H.M. Dietary linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid differentially affect renal oxylipins and phospholipid fatty acids in diet-induced obese rats.J. Nutr. 2013; 143: 1421-1431Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar, H.M. Winter T. Ravandi A. S. of bioactive oxylipins from and docosahexaenoic acid in PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). of tissue or of serum were for oxylipin adding were to was with that were with and with with in and with were and in the for by of oxylipins was the of and acids by of PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). were to determine were to oxylipins, were of oxylipins but the of or the of quantitation as as and are provided in and For fatty acid of the tissue and serum were and analyzed as described J. Aukema H.M. of renal in by dietary fatty acids on the and of PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). lipids were via and by to the phospholipid from the from serum was for fatty acid The phospholipid was analyzed for the tissues PUFAs in phospholipid are the of oxylipins in tissue J.G. T. of in and in a mouse 2007; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, A. and in in PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). in are from the fatty acids in serum were analyzed as of fatty acid Fatty acids were and by were analyzed The was to were analyzed by to the effects or were analyzed the data not by The was to differences the were were of the for the diet and sex rats with higher the the oxylipins were in the in liver, and in serum. in the in and in in of oxylipin in kidney and was derived from from LA and AA of oxylipin in serum was derived from but in serum most was derived from AA than LA. In to the of the oxylipins in kidney and derived from LA were higher than LA itself, and the was for AA and the oxylipins. 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In the LA compared with the control diet and but not only oxylipin derived from was in of LA rats In the liver, was but ALA oxylipins were higher in the LA and oxylipin and oxylipin were In and but not were in the LA but only oxylipins were a in liver, and both the fatty acid and the oxylipin n-6/n-3 were higher in the LA compared with the control n-6/n-3 oxylipin and fatty acid in liver, and serum of rats LA and diets for 6 for diet sex or for the data were not for diet sex or for the data were not for diet sex or for the data were not for diet sex or for the data were not acid for diet sex or for the data were not for diet sex or for the data were not for diet sex or for the data were not on the a differences a differences for diet sex or for the data were not in a on the a differences a differences both LA and ALA were increased in the diet to a the of oxylipins the as higher dietary LA PUFA-derived oxylipins were In the and were higher in the compared with this resulted in higher of oxylipins derived from LA AA and from and as as higher of LA AA and PUFA-derived oxylipins In liver, the diet increased only LA and but increased PUFA oxylipins derived from LA AA and as as in higher of LA and PUFA-derived oxylipins to the effects of the LA diet on PUFA-derived oxylipins in serum compared with kidney and liver, the effects of in serum on these oxylipins were only LA and oxylipins were higher in serum of rats the high diet compared with the control diet The diet a greater on PUFA-derived oxylipins than the LA diet both were compared with the control in the In the the diet increased and oxylipins, as as ALA and PUFA-derived oxylipins compared with the control These higher of and oxylipins were were differences in or the and control In the and the diet PUFA-derived oxylipins, but the differences were than in the In the liver, only ALA oxylipins and as as oxylipins were higher compared with the control diet. these were higher despite a of differences in the of ALA or these In ALA was increased by the and were ALA as as ALA oxylipins their oxylipin were in rats the compared with the control diet in to the higher n-6/n-3 fatty acid and oxylipin in the LA compared with control in the these were more to the control differences were in oxylipins in in liver, and in of oxylipins of were higher in with the in acid in the and oxylipins with sex were higher in in liver, in the LA and acid were higher in in and were higher in In the only PUFAs that were higher in were in and in liver, and in in PUFAs were higher in AA and were higher in liver, and and were higher in serum for the PUFA on oxylipin the of oxylipins to PUFAs were for oxylipins from PUFAs via the and These that in were greater than or to for oxylipins for PUFA for the serum was the for oxylipins in were higher in despite greater than or for males. for in rats provided control diets is in as an data for for liver, and serum and diet are in The oxylipin to PUFA were to the relative of oxylipins compared with their PUFAs. The was in with relative oxylipin higher in oxylipins derived from compared with PUFAs. In the of was with the of the was higher than acid in kidney and serum The oxylipin profiles of liver, and serum provide data on these bioactive These compositional data the vast fatty acid literature that currently and an of the effects of lipids on fatty acid to the imperative for greater understanding of the of oxylipins and in in the of as our understanding of the and relative of many oxylipins is the tissue oxylipin profiles were to the PUFA differences were that have implications for how fatty acid data are in dietary LA have to LA oxylipin the that more differences in dietary LA affect LA oxylipins. studies that have increased LA oxylipins with increased dietary LA have compared diets from to 40% of from LA in obese rats S.P. Love K. Winter T. Gauthier J. Taylor C.G. Blydt-Hansen T. Zahradka P. Aukema H.M. Dietary linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid differentially affect renal oxylipins and phospholipid fatty acids in diet-induced obese rats.J. Nutr. 2013; 143: 1421-1431Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar), from to in normal rats M. J. Ramsden C.E. of and oxylipin with of dietary linoleic Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. of Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus Google Scholar), and from to in C.E. A. Hibbeln J.R. S.F. dietary linoleic acid reduces bioactive linoleic acid in Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). In the dietary LA were in the diet and in the LA and to the of of dietary LA that is by the of of Dietary for Fatty and Acids. Scholar). dietary LA the normal of intake LA oxylipins, tissue LA may not Because only differences in LA intake have to a of tissue AA oxylipins S.P. Love K. Winter T. Gauthier J. Taylor C.G. Blydt-Hansen T. Zahradka P. Aukema H.M. Dietary linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid differentially affect renal oxylipins and phospholipid fatty acids in diet-induced obese rats.J. Nutr. 2013; 143: 1421-1431Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar, C.E. A. S.F. J. Hibbeln J.R. linoleic in and implications for PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M. Dietary linoleic acid reduces in arachidonic acid of Google Scholar, A. of linoleic acid intake on arachidonic acid formation and in Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), and is that dietary LA not AA J. dietary linoleic acid not tissue arachidonic acid in a PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), it has that dietary LA has effects on AA oxylipins. The that increased dietary LA the dietary resulted in higher of AA oxylipins in kidney and liver, as as many and oxylipins in these and LA oxylipins in serum. may have implications for the on dietary LA increased in the diet. the half dietary LA consumption in the has more than (5.Blasbalg T.L. Hibbeln J.R. Ramsden C.E. Majchrzak S.F. Rawlings R.R. Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century.Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, in tissue linoleic acid of in the last half Nutr. 2015; 6: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), and recommendations by the suggest that these to over of may a P. fatty acids and for a from the of the on and on and on and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). the with PUFAs are to have and in the of these PUFAs has C.E. Hibbeln J.R. Majchrzak S.F. fatty and dietary have effects on a of J. Nutr. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, The on fatty or J. Nutr. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, or The fatty acid Clin. Nutr. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). to a of dietary LA and have to an in these K. of dietary linoleic acid on of in a of Nutr. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The that AA and PUFA-derived oxylipins with effects are in tissues of normal rats provided a higher LA diet. higher dietary LA resulted in of a of PUFA-derived oxylipins, as with more in dietary LA C.E. A. S.F. J. Hibbeln J.R. linoleic in and implications for PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M. J. Ramsden C.E. of and oxylipin with of dietary linoleic Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. of Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus Google Scholar). the in PUFA oxylipins resulted in an in the ratio of oxylipins derived from to a that to as oxylipins to have Dietary omega-3 fatty acids in the of and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). the ALA of the diet in the diet to the ratio as in the control diet mitigated of the higher PUFA oxylipin tissue LA were not the LA and in PUFA oxylipins in with the higher of many PUFA oxylipins in tissues and serum from rats the diet resulted in a or ratio of n-6/n-3 oxylipins to that of the control that a of ALA may the effects of a high LA diet. The by oxylipins are a in their PUFA in tissue phospholipid to may that the PUFA that for oxylipin is not in tissue phospholipid or serum PUFA In the PUFA is to of greater than the oxylipin in only a of PUFA is to oxylipins. There is that phospholipid is not the only of tissue oxylipins A. S. K. in Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). are of oxylipins, or are via of fatty acids the phospholipid fatty acid composition may not necessarily oxylipin The of PUFAs to oxylipins their may with dietary as by the differences in the for PUFAs by the including of fatty acids and of fatty acids to fatty acids and to differences in the of the products and R. Fatty and J. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, and fatty acid Clin. Nutr. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, of dietary fatty acid intake fatty acid of acid to fatty acids and in J. Nutr. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). the higher oxylipins in from rats the diets compared with both the control and the LA resulted in higher of not only but and oxylipins differences in or is with our studies in of renal disease that have increased and oxylipins with flax oil (3.Yamaguchi T. Devassy J.G. Gabbs M. Ravandi A. Nagao S. Aukema H.M. Dietary flax oil rich in alpha-linolenic acid reduces renal disease and oxylipin abnormalities, including formation of docosahexaenoic acid derived oxylipins in the CD1-pcy/pcy mouse model of nephronophthisis.Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2015; 94: 83-89Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar, 4.Caligiuri S.P. Love K. Winter T. Gauthier J. Taylor C.G. Blydt-Hansen T. Zahradka P. Aukema H.M. Dietary linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid differentially affect renal oxylipins and phospholipid fatty acids in diet-induced obese rats.J. Nutr. 2013; 143: 1421-1431Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar). the of ALA to is to under normal increased by dietary ALA to a docosahexaenoic acid in rats are a of dietary alpha-linolenic acid Nutr. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). A may the oxylipin and oxylipins a to The relative of dietary ALA compared with or in their oxylipins to as studies suggest that the in and oxylipins with dietary oil is greater than the differences in the M. K. R. R. A. cytochrome P450 are of fatty Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, J. A. of the effects of omega-3 fatty acid on of and PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, J. P. P. C.E. serum profiles in dietary with omega-3 fatty Nutr. 2013; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The of sex on oxylipin in tissues is and the that are in the literature have only or of oxylipins in a of with Approximately 40% of oxylipins detected in the sex effects and, of were higher in males. the of oxylipins was relative to the PUFA oxylipins that a sex were higher in males. Because sex differences in oxylipin profiles have not the for this has not but may to One may the of as was the with higher oxylipins in In this the higher renal in was associated with higher oxylipins, renal were higher or not in compared with and and in rats of rats with and docosahexaenoic acid in and Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 2013; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), for the higher and formation of oxylipins in in many sex differences in PUFA and oxylipin were not effects on in oxylipin or have and may of the increased renal in rats with R. and of and in the kidney of J. 2015; PubMed Scopus Google of A. S. M. M. The of sex in in PubMed Scopus Google and increased in rats in renal of in PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). the are in the literature that to with the and in and in R. A. and and and in PubMed Scopus Google of have higher of A. S. In sex differences in in PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). One of the to the of higher oxylipin in was the higher of or its in further renal have to differentially during of in rats A. M. acid during J. PubMed Google Scholar), that in in the of PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). the data data on sex differences in oxylipins in the to and these The provide on in PUFA of in the of oxylipins. The oxylipin were higher than the PUFA increased of compared with oxylipins, relative to their PUFAs. were in of obese rats S.P. Love K. Winter T. Gauthier J. Taylor C.G. Blydt-Hansen T. Zahradka P. Aukema H.M. Dietary linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid differentially affect renal oxylipins and phospholipid fatty acids in diet-induced obese rats.J. Nutr. 2013; 143: 1421-1431Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google and in in the and of normal with oil R. A. K. A. R. M. omega-3 fatty acids the profile in via the Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). the of products by over PUFAs has by in of M. K. R. R. A. cytochrome P450 are of fatty Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), has in in studies of and J. J. J. M. of of lipoxygenase products in Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, fatty acids with arachidonic acid for to the or of to Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, R. of and linoleic acids in the cyclooxygenase of Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, M. Fatty acid of and of acids from alpha-linolenic Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar), the of the of these The may to the that not only but may the for tissue PUFAs compared with their PUFA were higher, with in obese S.P. Love K. Winter T. Gauthier J. Taylor C.G. Blydt-Hansen T. Zahradka P. Aukema H.M. Dietary linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid differentially affect renal oxylipins and phospholipid fatty acids in diet-induced obese rats.J. Nutr. 2013; 143: 1421-1431Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar). a oxylipins are in higher than from their fatty acid that may have a greater on is known the effects of compared with and oxylipins, have associated with effects that are or in a of including in associated with effects associated with and with and the of linoleic acid and their in associated with and J. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, J. of diet on profiles of in PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). the data provide data on oxylipins, important oxylipins were but are more that are but for are as as many oxylipins that are to has implications for the n-6/n-3 oxylipin and it is that oxylipins not these In the oxylipins analyzed are that are in and therefore the bioactive but it not to tissue that are currently to these oxylipins in of of oxylipins and formation of the of this of the arachidonic acid and of of 2015; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). methods for oxylipins in their with of oxylipins over of methods for the of eicosanoids and oxylipins in by of 2015; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). The is of the most but are oxylipins of the that are not as as by of methods for the of eicosanoids and oxylipins in by of 2015; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). In these data provide the profile of oxylipins in liver, and and that PUFA and oxylipin profiles Dietary LA many LA and AA oxylipins and reduces PUFA-derived oxylipins, and dietary ALA many of these higher of oxylipins in rats may have important effects that to compared with and compared with and to oxylipins more in oxylipin profiles not necessarily tissue has implications for studies that as the and often only tissue studies of dietary lipids that oxylipin therefore provide a greater understanding of their with arachidonic acid acid α-linolenic acid cyclooxygenase cytochrome P450 acid acid acid acid acid acid linoleic acid lipoxygenase

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