High-Technology Trade Indicators 2008 - An International Comparison of the Big Economic Areas and Countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present report gives an overview on the level and development of the high-technology exports and imports of the four big economic areas and countries of the world: the USA, the EU-25, Japan, and China. In addition to these economic areas and countries also the countries participating in the Group of Eight process (G8) - the USA, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Canada, and Russia - are analysed were it was found informative by the author.\nFor the analyses of the total high-tech trade three different definitions of market shares are used: high-tech trade in world high-tech trade, high-tech trade in world total trade, and high-tech trade in one country¿s total trade. For the definition of the high-tech sectors and goods the current classifications of high-tech sectors and product groups of the OECD were applied.\nFurthermore, the composition of the high-tech exports and imports of each of the four big economic areas and countries was studied and also the per-capita high-tech exports and imports as well as the share of high-tech exports in the gross domestic product (GDP) were examined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.015 | 0.027 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".