Longitudinal cognitive trajectories and associated clinical variables in youth with bipolar disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: There is substantial interest in delineating the course of cognitive functioning in bipolar (BP) youth. However, there are no longitudinal studies aimed at defining subgroups of BP youth based on their distinctive cognitive trajectories and their associated clinical variables. METHOD: Cognitive functioning was measured in 135 participants from the Course and Outcome of BP Youth (COBY) study using several subtests of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Youth were prospectively evaluated three times on average every 13.75 months over 2.5 years. Clinical and functional outcomes were assessed using the Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation (LIFE). RESULTS: Latent class growth analysis identified three longitudinal patterns of cognitive functioning based on a general cognitive index: class 1, "persistently high" (N=21; 15.6%); class 2, "persistently moderate" (N=82; 60.74%); and class 3, "persistently low" (N=32; 23.7%). All classes showed normal cognitive functioning when compared with the CANTAB normative data. After adjustment for confounders, youth from class 3 had a significantly greater percentage of time with overall, manic, and depressive syndromal symptoms than youth in the other two classes. Also, after adjustment for confounders, youth from class 3 had significantly poorer global, academic, and social functioning than youth from class 1. CONCLUSIONS: BP youth showed normal overall cognitive functioning that remained stable during the follow-up within each class. However, 24% of BP youth showed poorer cognitive functioning than the other BP youth. This subgroup had poorer mood course and functioning, and may benefit from cognitive remediation and early management with evidence-based pharmacological treatments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".