Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Chilean economy is usually highly praised as having been successful since the imposition of neo-liberal reforms under the dictatorship of general Pinochet in 1973. However, the four decades that have elapsed include sub-periods with quite different policy approaches and notably diverse outcomes; thus,there is neither one unique model nor only one outcome. The four decades’ growth is moderate, averaging 4.2 per cent per year:it averaged 2.9 per cent (meagre) during the 16 years of dictatorship and a good performance of 5.1 per cent during a quarter-century of democracy, albeit with a vigorous 7.1 per cent in the initial years (1990-98) and a modest 3.9 per cent in the last 15 years. Sometimes, Chile has performed closer to becoming a “model” for development, and at other times the opposite or something in between. Focusing on three episodes (1973–81, 1990–95 and 2008–13), we explore the underlying explanatory variables and some lessons for building “a role model for development”. * Published in A. Calcagno, S. Dullien and J. Priewe (eds.), Development strategies: country studies and international comparisons, University of Applied Sciences (HTW, Berlin) and UNCTAD (Geneva), 2015. Based on material developed in Ffrench-Davis (2010, 2014). Most figures cited come from these publications, based on Central Bank, Ministry of Finance and National Institute of Statistics. I appreciate the support of CIEPLAN and the assistance of Simon Ballesteros and Nicolas Fernandez. Ricardo Ffrench-Davis is Professor of Economics at the University of Chile. He holds a PHD in Economics from the University of Chicago and has been awarded the Chilean National Prize for the Social Sciences and Humanities. He is Former Principal Regional Adviser of ECLAC, 1992–2005, Chief Economist at the Central Bank of Chile, 1964–70 and 1990–92, Co-founder of the Center for Economic Research on Latin America (CIEPLAN), 1975–89, and Chairperson of the Committee for Development Policy of the United Nations in 2007–2010. He has published 21 books and about 150 articles on trade and finance, development and Latin American economies and is the author of Reforming Latin America’s Economies after Market Fundamentalism (2006) and Economic Reforms in Chile: from Dictatorship to Democracy, second edition (2010)(09/04/15;8,192w).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".