A Need for New Algebraic System of Logic Based on Al-Ghazali’s Reasoning Shaharir bin Mohamad Zain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A qualitative nature of logic based on al-Ghazali's teaching is reviewed. It is shown that its structure is not the same as the wellknown two-valued logic which satisfies the well-known Boolean algebra. Unfortunately, it is this classical logic that has been adopted by those who discuss or use the nature of the al-Ghazali's logic or reasoning ever since. The more appropriate logic for the al-Ghazali's logic is the modal logic and hence the algebraic structure of this logic is reviewed. However, it is shown that even this logic, which was originally contributed substantially by Islamic scholars, in particular Ibn Sinna, and further improved by twentieth century Western scholars, is not yet fully suitable for the al-Ghazali's logic. A new algebraic system of logic is still very much needed for characterizing the al-Ghazali's reasoning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".