Wide Area Navigation Algorithm for Marine DGPS Users under Disturbed Ionospheric Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Under normal operating conditions marine DGPS horizontal positioning accuracies on the order of several meters are achieved in North America. Such accuracies are well within the tolerance of 10 m (95%) specified by the Canadian and United States Coast Guard. Under high levels of ionospheric activity, however, significant degradations in DGPS positioning accuracies can occur. Marine DGPS operations in North America are particularly susceptible to such effects, where a feature known as storm enhanced density is observed during ionospheric storm events. This feature is a localized enhancement of total electron content (TEC) extending northwest through the mid-latitudes. Extremely large gradients are associated with this feature, leading to large differential positioning errors for the single reference station DGPS approach. Wide area ionosphere models have been developed to model and mitigate local ionospheric effects. Such models are based on dual frequency observations from a sparse network of GPS reference stations. In the most simple wide area DGPS algorithms (WADGPS), a measurement domain approach is employed – in which DGPS range corrections are computed for each reference station within the network and a weighted mean of these corrections is estimated to derive optimal range corrections at a user’s location. The scalar range corrections represent all sources of ranging error (e.g. clock, orbital and ionospheric errors). Depending on the number of stations, and the station spacing, such models may improve positioning accuracies by a factor of three or more. Networks of DGPS reference stations operated by marine DGPS service providers may be used in such an approach, with significant benefit for marine users. In this paper we assess the benefit of employing a WADGPS technique for marine users in North America. We quantify the impact of severe ionospheric storm events on marine DGPS users by processing baselines of varying lengths using existing North American GPS reference stations. Wide area techniques are then evaluated using sub-networks of reference stations in North America, and these results are compared with the standard single-baseline DGPS approach. Results indicate significant improvement in positioning accuracies using a wide area approach, with potential for increased availability and continuity of marine DGPS services.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".