“Make” or “Buy” the Choice of Governance Modes for Corporate Social Responsibility Projects from a Stakeholder Management Perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The organization of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives deals with a “make” or “buy” trade-off among in-house solutions instead of a partial (collaboration) or total (outsourcing) externalization of such activities. This article aims to advance the knowledge of the criteria underlying the governance modes of CSR. In particular, integrating the organizational economics with the insights provided by the stakeholder management, the study deepens the reasons why primary stakeholders, such as human resources (HR) and customers, may affect the choice to internalize the governance of CSR projects. Findings are consistent with the theoretical framework. In fact, internal solutions are more likely for CSR initiatives addressed to HR and customers. Given the direct linkage of these stakeholders with the achievement of the company’s mission, results corroborate the concept of closeness of CSR actions with respect to the firm’s core business as driver of in-house projects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".