At-sea Distribution, Abundance, and Habitat Affinities of Xantus's Murrelets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We used shipboard and aerial surveys at sea to study distribution, abundance and habitat affinities of Xantus's Murrelets Synthliboramphus hypoleucus within their range, including waters from British Columbia to southern Baja California, and to 500 km offshore.We recorded 1628 murrelets during strip-transects conducted in most years from 1975 to 2003.Densities were highest over the continental slope (depths 200-1000 m) at distances 25-150 km offshore.Murrelets were most numerous in warmer waters of lower salinity, a pattern consistent each year regardless of El Niño-Southern Oscillation or Pacific Decadal Oscillation anomaly fluctuations.During the breeding season, murrelets concentrated in the Southern California Bight (SCB), with lower densities off Baja California and from Point Conception to Bodega Bay, California.During the nonbreeding period, they dispersed north as far as northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, although densities were highest from central Baja California to central Oregon.We used generalized additive models to estimate the abundance of this species at sea.We observed no trends in abundances across years, 1975-2001 (SCB), and 1985-2003 (central California).After adjustment for biases in survey data, our estimate for the total number of Xantus's Murrelets in North America during the nonbreeding season is 39 700 birds, consisting of an estimated 17 900 breeding birds (95% confidence interval = 13 900 to 21 000) and 21 800 subadults/nonbreeders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".