Produced Water from Offshore Oil and Gas Installations on the Grand Banks, Newfoundland: Are the Potential Effects to Seabirds Sufficiently Known?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Produced water from offshore oil and gas installations on the grand banks, Newfoundland and Labrador: are the potential effects to seabirds sufficiently known?Marine Ornithology 34: 147-156.with large numbers of birds may kill substantially more birds than large spills that do not have that overlap.Thus, chronic sources of oil pollution (i.e.operational discharges such as produced water from offshore oil and gas platforms), while not as dramatic as an Exxon Valdez, are potentially significant sources of cumulative seabird mortality.In this paper, we review how the potential environmental effects on marine birds of an operational oil discharge (produced water) from offshore oil and gas installations off Canada's most easterly province (Newfoundland and Labrador) have been assessed. MARINE BIRDLIFE ON THE GRAND BANKSThe Grand Banks, off insular Newfoundland and Labrador, is an important place for the world's seabirds, with an estimated 40 million marine birds utilizing the region during the year (Montevecchi & Tuck 1987).The Important Bird Areas Program of Canada (2004) recognizes the global significance of 17 marine bird breeding colonies adjacent to the Grand Banks (see also Montevecchi & Tuck 1987, Lock et al. 1994).In addition to year-round residents, Arctic and Southern Hemisphere breeding species migrate into the region in the winter and summer months respectively (Lock et al. 1994).This region of the northwest Atlantic is particularly notable for high densities of auks.It is the chief wintering grounds for approximately four million Thick-billed Murres and fourteen million Dovekies Alle alle, and it hosts the largest breeding colonies of Atlantic Puffins Fratercula arctica and Common Murres Uria aalge in the western Atlantic (Lock et al. 1994).Thus, while the National Research Council (2003) considers offshore oil and gas installations to represent a small portion of the oil pollution in the world's oceans, the Grand Banks is a region where chronic oil pollution from oil and gas extraction could have significant cumulative effects on a variety of globally important seabird populations.Environmental impact assessments of offshore oil and gas activities on the Grand Banks have predicted no significant effects on marine bird populations from the discharge of oil in produced water (Mobil Oil 1985, Petro-Canada 1997, Husky Oil 2000).Three offshore platforms are currently producing oil on the Grand Banks, and new extraction projects are likely (e.g.LGL Limited 2005a; Fig. 1).We reviewed the
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".