Electroosmotic Flow Dispersion of Large Molecules in Electrokinetic Migration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is a common knowledge that large molecules have small diffusion coefficients. Therefore, it was thought that these molecules should generate very narrow peaks in electropherograms, because longitudinal diffusion was thought to be the only factor that contributes to band broadening in electrophoretic separation systems in capillaries and microfluidics. However, it is also common to observe that large molecules such as proteins and polymers often produce wider peaks than most small molecules. It is demonstrated in this work that dispersion of analytes during electrokinetic migration is also the results of Taylor dispersion. Similar to conventional Taylor dispersion, peak broadening is more pronounced for particles with smaller diffusion coefficients. The theoretical description of band broadening caused by electroosmotic flow dispersion (EOFD) and the experimental verification of this phenomenon are presented in this paper. The dispersion of various sized molecules, from small peptides to large proteins, in capillary electrophoresis is used as examples in this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".