Calibration-Free Electrochemical Biosensors Supporting Accurate Molecular Measurements Directly in Undiluted Whole Blood
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The need to calibrate to correct for sensor-to-sensor fabrication variation and sensor drift has proven a significant hurdle in the widespread use of biosensors. To maintain clinically relevant (±20% for this application) accuracy, for example, commercial continuous glucose monitors require recalibration several times a day, decreasing convenience and increasing the chance of user errors. Here, however, we demonstrate a "dual-frequency" approach for achieving the calibration-free operation of electrochemical biosensors that generate an output by using square-wave voltammetry to monitor binding-induced changes in electron transfer kinetics. Specifically, we use the square-wave frequency dependence of their response to produce a ratiometric signal, the ratio of peak currents collected at responsive and non- (or low) responsive square-wave frequencies, which is largely insensitive to drift and sensor-to-sensor fabrication variations. Using electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) biosensors as our test bed, we demonstrate the accurate and precise operation of sensors against multiple drugs, achieving accuracy in the measurement of their targets of within better than 20% across dynamic ranges of up to 2 orders of magnitude without the need to calibrate each individual sensor.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it