Hydrogen Sulfide and Glucose Homeostasis: A Tale of Sweet and the Stink
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Significance: Among many endogenous mediators, the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) plays an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. In this article we discuss different functional roles of H 2 S in several metabolic organs/tissues required in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Recent Advances: New evidence has emerged revealing the insulin sensitizing role of H 2 S in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle biology. In addition, H 2 S was demonstrated to be a potent stimulator of gluconeogenesis via the induction and stimulation of various glucose-producing pathways in the liver. Critical Issues: Similar to its other physiological effects, H 2 S exhibits paradoxical characteristics in the regulation of glucose homeostasis: (1) H 2 S stimulates glucose production via activation of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in hepatocytes, yet inhibits lipolysis in adipocytes; (2) H 2 S stimulates glucose uptake into adipocytes and skeletal muscle but inhibits glucose uptake into hepatocytes; (3) H 2 S inhibits insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells, yet sensitizes insulin signaling and insulin-triggered response in adipose tissues and skeletal muscle. It is also unclear the impact H 2 S may have on glucose metabolism and utilization by other vital organs, such as the brain. Future Directions: Recent reports and ongoing studies lay the foundation for a general, although highly incomplete, understanding of the effect of H 2 S on regulating glucose homeostasis. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms and physiological outcomes of the gasotransmitter H 2 S on organs and tissues required for homeostatic maintenance of blood glucose. Future directions highlighting the H 2 S-mediated homeostatic control of glucose metabolism under physiological and insulin-resistant conditions are also discussed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1463–1482.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".