Hydrogen Sulfide and Glucose Homeostasis: A Tale of Sweet and the Stink
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Significance: Among many endogenous mediators, the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) plays an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. In this article we discuss different functional roles of H 2 S in several metabolic organs/tissues required in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Recent Advances: New evidence has emerged revealing the insulin sensitizing role of H 2 S in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle biology. In addition, H 2 S was demonstrated to be a potent stimulator of gluconeogenesis via the induction and stimulation of various glucose-producing pathways in the liver. Critical Issues: Similar to its other physiological effects, H 2 S exhibits paradoxical characteristics in the regulation of glucose homeostasis: (1) H 2 S stimulates glucose production via activation of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in hepatocytes, yet inhibits lipolysis in adipocytes; (2) H 2 S stimulates glucose uptake into adipocytes and skeletal muscle but inhibits glucose uptake into hepatocytes; (3) H 2 S inhibits insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells, yet sensitizes insulin signaling and insulin-triggered response in adipose tissues and skeletal muscle. It is also unclear the impact H 2 S may have on glucose metabolism and utilization by other vital organs, such as the brain. Future Directions: Recent reports and ongoing studies lay the foundation for a general, although highly incomplete, understanding of the effect of H 2 S on regulating glucose homeostasis. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms and physiological outcomes of the gasotransmitter H 2 S on organs and tissues required for homeostatic maintenance of blood glucose. Future directions highlighting the H 2 S-mediated homeostatic control of glucose metabolism under physiological and insulin-resistant conditions are also discussed. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1463–1482.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".