A simple particle-size distribution model for granular materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Particle-size distribution (PSD) is a fundamental soil property that plays an important role in soil classification and soil hydromechanical behaviour. A continuous mathematical model representing the PSD curve facilitates the quantification of particle breakage, which often takes place when granular soils are compressed or sheared. This paper proposes a simple and continuous PSD model for granular soils involving particle breakage. The model has two parameters and is able to represent different types of continuous PSD curves. It is found that one model parameter is closely related to the coefficient of nonuniformity (C u ) and the coefficient of curvature (C c ), while the other represents a characteristic particle diameter. A database of 53 granular soils with 154 varying PSD curves is analyzed to evaluate the performance of the proposed PSD model, as well as that of three other PSD models in the literature. The results show that the proposed model has improved overall performance and captures the typical trends in PSD evolution during particle breakage. In addition, the proposed model is also used for assessing the internal stability of 27 widely graded soils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".