Economic, Environmental, and Social Impact of Remanufacturing in a Competitive Setting
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper studies the environmental and social trade-offs of remanufacturing for product+service firms under competition. We use an analytical model and a behavioral study that together incorporate demand cannibalization from multiple customer segments across the competing firms' product lines. We measure firms' profits, consumer surpluses, environmental impacts, and environmental costs along the products lifecycles in the resultant equilibria with and without remanufacturing. We show that competition intensifies the tension between increased profit and worsened environmental impact from market expansions caused by remanufacturing identified by prior research in the case of monopoly. However, bringing in the social dimension leads to an overall positive assessment: remanufacturing creates additional consumer surplus, which compensates for the cost of the environmental impact. In other words, we found strong support that remanufacturing is beneficial for the society.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it