Conversion of Saline Water and Carbon Dioxide into Value-Added Chemicals By Electrodialysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A multi-compartment electrochemical reactor, which simultaneously converts carbon dioxide (dissolved or gaseous CO 2 ) and high salinity waste-water to value-added chemicals, in the form of inorganic acids, carbonate salts and desalinated water, is demonstrated. The electrocehmical approach operates in electrodialysis or electrolytic mode and uses anion exchange and cation exchange membranes, and a Pt/Ir-coated Ti anode and Ti mesh cathode (for dissolved CO 2 ) or Pt/C-coated gas diffusion cathode electrodes (for gaseous CO 2 ) to produce acid and base products from CO 2 (or CO 2 /O 2 ) and an aqueous NaCl feed. The electrodialysis mode operates with carbonic acid feed while the electrolytic approach electrochemically converts carbon dioxide from the gas phase. With the gaseous conversion of carbon dioxide, a non-selective catalyst (carbon-supported Pt) was used to reduce the oxygen into hydroxyl ions which further reacted with CO 2 feed to form bicarbonate and carbonate species. Under an applied voltage (~ 6 V) clear production of inorganic carbon salts and acids was observed. The product fluxes for HCl and NaHCO 3 were ~ 0.05 mM cm -2 hr -1 on average for the case of dissolved CO 2 and ~ 3.50 mM cm - ² hr -1 for the case of gaseous CO 2 showing an enhancement factor of about 70x in the flux rates with the use of gaseous CO 2 . The bench-top (3.24 cm 2 electrodes) cell has been successfully scaled up (1,500x) to a 5,000 cm² NORASCAND ® commercial-scale electrolytic cell. Chemicals such as hydrochloric acid and bicarbonate salts have potential uses in many applications including oil and gas exploration and production where the chemicals as well as the desalinated water can be used in resource extraction. Coupling of CO 2 removal and water treatment as presented here has potential applications in both conventional and unconventional oil and gas operations. Evolution of the technology from the conceptual bench-top reactor to initial scale up efforts and the current status of technology will be presented during the meeting. Figure 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".