Seismic Base Shear Modification Factors for Timber-Steel Hybrid Structure: Collapse Risk Assessment Approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, to supplement the Canadian building code for a timber-steel hybrid structure, over-strength, and ductility-related force modification factors are developed and validated using a collapse risk assessment approach. The hybrid structure incorporates cross-laminated timber (CLT) infill walls within steel moment resisting frames. Following the FEMA P695 procedure, archetype buildings of 3-story, 6-story, and 9-story height with middle bay infilled with CLT were developed. Subsequently, a nonlinear static pushover analysis was performed to quantify the actual over-strength factors of the hybrid archetype buildings. To check the FEMA P695 acceptable collapse probabilities and adjusted collapse margin ratios (ACMRs), incremental dynamic analysis was carried out using 60 ground motion records that were selected to regional seismic hazard characteristics in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Considering the total system uncertainty, comparison of the calculated ACMRs with the FEMA P695 requirement indicates the acceptability of the proposed over-strength and ductility factors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".