CONTROLLING INFLAMMATION WITH DEXAMETHASONE AFTER ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries are increasingly common, with about 250 000 ACL ruptures occurring per year in the US [1]. The current treatment for ACL rupture is ACL reconstructive surgery (ACL-R), which aims to successfully restore the biomechanical function of the knee. However, individuals who suffer from ACL injuries, including those who undergo ACL reconstruction, have a 50% chance of developing osteoarthritis (OA) within 10-20 years [2]. Inflammation of the knee joint has been hypothesized to be a factor [3]. Dexamethasone (DEX) is a type of corticosteroid used to control inflammation [4]. The purpose of this study was to determine if DEX treatment following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was an effective mechanism of long-term joint protection against the progression of osteoarthritis. METHODS Six female Suffolk cross sheep were allocated into one of three groups: sham surgery, idealized ACL-R surgery, and control. Surgeries were previously accomplished by arthrotomy to the right stifle joint. Animals that underwent idealized ACL reconstructive surgery received a single injection of DEX at the time of the surgery. At 2 weeks post surgery animals were sacrificed and cartilage samples were harvested from both standard as well as visibly damaged locations on the patella (PAT), femoral groove (FG), lateral femoral condyle (LFC), medial femoral condyle (MFC), lateral tibial condyle (LTC), and medial tibial condyle (MTC). These samples were then blinded and graded by three experienced observers on the modified Mankin scale. This scale gives a grade out of 24 based on four categories: safranin-O staining, structure, cell density, and cluster formation. ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis was used to determine differences in histological scores between groups, using SPSS 19.0. RESULTS The average histological grades (and standard deviations) for the PAT, FG, LTP, MTP, LFC, and MFC are displayed in Figure 1. No significant differences were observed between the sham (n=2), ACL-R + DEX (n=2), and control groups in all locations. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The similarity between the ACL-R+DEX and control groups indicates that DEX treatment has the potential to have a protective effect against the progression of OA, however further studies must be conducted to ensure long-term efficacy. Increasing the sample size as well as looking at longer time points is recommended to better understand the effect of dexamethasone on the progression of osteoarthritis
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".