X-ray Absorption Spectroscopic Studies of the Penetrability of Hollow Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Galvanic Exchange Reactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hollow Fe oxide nanoparticles have many applications in catalysis, drug delivery, and energy storage. Hollow Fe oxide shells can also be used for preventing the sintering of catalytically active cores and for magnetic recovery of bimetallic nanoparticles. However, more studies are required under real reaction conditions on the availability of the interior surface or active cores in hollow nanoparticles. Herein, we introduce a simple approach to study the penetrability of hollow Fe oxide shells by attempting galvanic exchange reactions between the remaining Fe(0) core within the hollow Fe oxide shell and Pd(II) salts. First, in situ high-temperature Fe K-edge XANES was used to monitor the formation of hollow Fe oxide nanoparticles from Fe nanoparticles. Core-void-shell Fe-Fe oxide nanoparticle intermediates were captured at different time intervals and then reacted with Pd(II). The reduction of Pd(II) was characterized by in situ Pd L 3 -edge XANES spectra. The results show that the core-void-shell nanoparticles had Fe 3 O 4 shells, which were found to be impenetrable to Pd(II) salts when the thickness of the shell was more than 2 nm. However, the core could be accessed using a high-temperature etching strategy for the shell, which then allowed for galvanic reactions with Pd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".