Steady-state analytical model for vapour-phase volatile organic compound (VOC) diffusion in layered landfill composite cover systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An analytical model for the diffusion of one-dimensional vapour-phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs) through a four-layer landfill composite cover system consisting of a protective layer, drainage layer, geomembrane (GMB), and compacted clay liner (CCL) is developed. Effects of degree of water saturation (Sr), adsorption, and degradation on vapour-phase VOC diffusion in a cover system are then analyzed. The vapour-phase benzene concentration profile increases with increase of Sr in the drainage and protective layers. When Sr1 = Sr2 = 0.5 (where Sr1 and Sr2 are degree of water saturation of the protective and drainage layers, respectively), surface flux for the case with the degree of water saturation of the CCL layer Sr4 = 0.3 is 1.3 and 1560 times larger than that with Sr4 = 0.7 and = 0.9, respectively. The effect of adsorption of the VOCs in the CCL on performance of the cover system is more important than that in the drainage and protective layers. Surface flux and concentration of benzene tends to be zero when CCL is amended with 0.5% biochar due to an increase of the retardation factor. The effect of degradation rate on benzene concentration increases with increase of degree of water saturation. The influence of half-life of VOCs in the soil layer, t1/2, on vapour-phase VOC concentration can be neglected when Sr ≤ 0.3.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".