Bibliographic record
Abstract
Four-dimensional (4D) printing is a new category of printing that expands the fabrication process to include time as the forth dimension, and its process planning and simulation have to take time into consideration as well. The common tool to estimating the behavior of a deformable object is the finite element method (FEM). Although FEM is powerful, there are various sources of deformation from hardware, environment, and process, just to name a few, which are too complex to model by FEM. This paper introduces Geometry-Driven Finite Element (GDFE) as a solution to this problem. Based on the study on geometry changes, the deformation principles can be drawn to predict the relationship between the 4D-printing process and the shape transformation. Similar to FEM, the design domain is subdivided into a set of GDFEs, and the principles are applied on each GDFE, which are then assembled to a larger system that describes the overall shape. The proposed method converts the complex sources of deformation to a geometric optimization problem, which is intuitive and effective. The usages and applications of the GDFE framework have also been presented in this paper, including freeform design, reserve design, and design validation.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".