Enhancement of Pd Catalytic Activity toward Ethanol Electrooxidation by Atomic Layer Deposition of SnO<sub>2</sub> onto TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Palladium nanoparticles and SnO 2 layers have been grown by two successive steps of atomic layer deposition onto TiO 2 nanotubes (TNTs). The three-dimensional nanostructured catalytic systems have been studied for ethanol electrooxidation in alkaline media. Characterization by scanning and transmission electron microscopies, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction indicates the high conformity, the high purity, and the perfect stoichiometry of Pd and SnO 2 deposits onto the TNTs. The electrochemical investigations performed by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry have revealed the beneficial effect of the annealing of the support toward ethanol electrooxidation reaction. The comparison of the catalytic activity with literature shows that such SnO 2 -based substrates exhibits highly promising performances.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".