Changes in carotenoid stereoisomers in the primate retina with age
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Meso‐zeaxanthin (MZ) is present in the fovea of the human and primate retina. It is formed by an unknown pathway from lutein. Preliminary study of MZ in the retinas of human neonates indicated that this pathway is not functional in the young eye. This study investigated changes in the distribution of the carotenoids in the developing retina. HPLC was employed to study the distribution of carotenoids in 38 macaque retinas ranging from 148 days of gestation to 1.58 yrs in age. The carotenoid amounts were measured in concentric punches of the retina having diameters of 2, 4, and 8 mm, centered on the fovea. The amount of lutein (L), MZ, and zeaxanthin (RRZ) in 2 mm punches were all found to vary significantly, (P < 0.003), with age. The ratios of Z+MZ to L and MZ to L in 2 mm punches both increase significantly with age, (P < 0.001). The amounts of L, MZ, and RRZ in 2 mm punches were significantly greater than 4 mm punches (P < 0.0001). The amounts of L, MZ, and RRZ in 4 mm punches were significantly greater than in 8 mm punches (P < 0.002). The increase in the MZ/L ratio with age is consistent with a pathway in which L is converted MZ. Funding: Wyeth Nutrition
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".