Energy Losses and Transition Radiation in Multilayer Graphene Traversed by a Fast Charged Particle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a fully relativistic formulation of the energy loss of a charged particle traversing a number of graphene layers and apply it to the case of two spatially separated layers probed by an energetic electron. We focus on the THz frequency range, using a Drude model to describe the conductivity of graphene and allowing for different doping density in each layer. We distinguish two types of contributions to the electron energy loss: the energy deposited in graphene layers in the form of electronic excitations (Ohm losses), which include the excitation of Dirac plasmon polaritons (DPP), and the energy that is emitted in the form of transition radiation. We study in detail the contribution of each layer to the ohmic losses and analyze the directional decomposition of the radiation emitted in the half-spaces defined by the graphene planes. By increasing the interlayer distance and changing the relative doping densities in graphene layers, we find surprisingly strong asymmetries in both the directional and layer-wise decompositions with respect to the direction of motion of the external electron. A modal decomposition is also performed in the limit of vanishing damping in graphene, exposing quite intricate roles of bonding and antibonding hybridization between DPPs in ohmic losses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".