Application of an RGBD augmented C‐arm for minimally invasive scoliosis surgery assistance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Minimally invasive surgeries (MISs) are gaining popularity as alternatives to conventional open surgeries. In thoracoscopic scoliosis MIS, fluoroscopy is used to guide pedicle screw placement and to visualise the effect of the intervention on the spine curvature. However, cosmetic external appearance is the most important concern for patients, while correction of the spine and achieving coronal and sagittal trunk balance are the top priorities for surgeons. The authors present the feasibility study of the first intra-operative assistive system for scoliosis surgery composed of a single RGBD camera affixed on a C-arm which allows visualising in real time the surgery effects on the patient trunk surface in the transverse plane. They perform three feasibility experiments from simulated data based on scoliotic patients to live acquisition from non-scoliotic mannequin and person, all showing that the proposed system accuracy is comparable with scoliotic surface reconstruction state of art.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".