Raman Spectroscopy of Soot Sampled in High-Pressure Diffusion Flames
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of pressure on soot particle nanostructure has been investigated by Raman spectroscopy. For the first time soot samples produced in a set of coflow methane–air laminar diffusion flames stabilized in a high-pressure combustion chamber, and collected by thermophoresis, have been analyzed to obtain chemical/structural information. The first-order Raman spectra of soot particles collected at several elevated pressures have been analyzed and compared. As a result, within the investigated range of pressures, i.e., from 10 to 20 bar, our measurements show that soot nanostructure does not depend on the pressure conditions. Changes in soot nanostructure were only observed as a function of flame residence time. The results herein presented are particularly relevant by considering the importance of nanostructure on the soot reactivity toward oxidation and on the fact that soot from practical combustion devices is mostly produced at high pressure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".