Physicochemical and thermodynamic study of malachite green adsorption on raw and modified corn straw
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Physicochemical and thermodynamic interpretations of malachite green (MG) adsorption on raw (RCS) and modified corn straw (MCS) are detailed in this work. Experimental isotherms were constructed at different temperatures (from 298 to 328 K). To interpret these curves, three models named multilayer model with saturation, double layer model with two energies, and monolayer model with one energy were developed based on the principle of grand canonical ensemble in statistical physics. The double layer model with two energies was the more adequate to represent the adsorption process. Thermodynamic functions such as configurational entropy (Sa), free adsorption enthalpy (G), and internal energy (Eint) were studied. The number of MG molecules per site (n) ranged from 0.33 to 2.33 and the adsorbed quantity at saturation (Qasat) ranged from 164.15 to 528.19 mg g−1 and both increased with the temperature. The density of the receptor sites (NM) ranged from 248.71 to 104.88 and decreased with the temperature. For RCS and MCS, the first and second energies, ϵ1 and ϵ2, increased with the temperature, with ϵ1 being higher than ϵ2. The adsorption energies of MCS (7.77–11.19 kJ mol−1) were higher than the adsorption energies of RCS (6.17–10.88 kJ mol−1). The adsorption process occurred by physisorption and the disorder increased at low equilibrium concentrations, but decreased at high concentrations. The free enthalpy and internal energy described with care the spontaneity of the studied system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".