Common glass-forming spin-liquid state in the pyrochlore magnets <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>Dy</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>Ti</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>7</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>Ho</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>Ti</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>7</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite a well-ordered pyrochlore crystal structure and strong magnetic interactions between the ${\mathrm{Dy}}^{3+}$ or ${\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+}$ ions, no long-range magnetic order has been detected in the pyrochlore titanates ${\mathrm{Ho}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ and ${\mathrm{Dy}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$. To explore the actual magnetic phase formed by cooling these materials, we measure their magnetization dynamics using toroidal, boundary-free magnetization transport techniques. We find that the dynamical magnetic susceptibility of both compounds has the same distinctive phenomenology, which is indistinguishable in form from that of the dielectric permittivity of dipolar glass-forming liquids. Moreover, ${\mathrm{Ho}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ and ${\mathrm{Dy}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ both exhibit microscopic magnetic relaxation times that increase along the super-Arrhenius trajectories analogous to those observed in glass-forming dipolar liquids. Thus, upon cooling below about 2 K, ${\mathrm{Dy}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ and ${\mathrm{Ho}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ both appear to enter the same magnetic state exhibiting the characteristics of a glass-forming spin liquid.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.006 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.012 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.014 | 0.013 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.705 | 0.015 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".