Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Sun is far from a dormant ball of gas. Its surface seethes with ac-tivity including sunspots, solar flares and prominences, which send plasma arcing many thousands of kilometres above the Sun’s surface. An essentially continuous stream of charged particles, called the solar wind, emanates from the Sun at velocities in the order of 300 to 800 kilometres per second [1]. Normal solar activity poses little threat to the Earth because of the pro-tection afforded by Earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere. However, from time to time there are massive outbursts when the Sun ejects tremendous amounts (109 − 1011 tonnes [2]) of hot, ionised gas outward at speeds as high as 1000 kilometres per second. These outbursts are called coronal mass ejections (CME) and are more likely during periods of high sunspot activ-ity (approximately 11 year cycle). CMEs can cause disruption of satellite systems and radio communications on Earth approximately 40 to 50 hours after emission. In extreme cases, such as during an event in March 1989 affecting Quebec’s power supply, electricity grids and other ground-based
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.093 | 0.022 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".