Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Characterization of Surface Films on Lead and Lead Alloys
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of varying antimony content in lead alloys (with Sb content of 1.3 ; 2.7 and 3.5 wt.%) on electrochemical processes taking place on lead-antimony alloy electrodes was studied in sulphuric acid solution. Electric and structural properties of anodic films formed on the electrode surface during the 'charging' and 'discharging' processes of the negative and positive electrodes in the lead-acid battery were studied in situ using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was found that antimony present in the alloy catalyzes the solid phase transition of PbO to non-stoichiometric PbO_n oxide (n < 2) in the anodic layer, while it inhibits the formation of electronically conducting beta-PbO_2 phase. This causes an increase in oxygen evolution potential and expands the region of discharging of the positive electrode in the lead-acid battery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".