UV-Curable Contact Active Benzophenone Terminated Quaternary Ammonium Antimicrobials for Applications in Polymer Plastics and Related Devices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A series of UV active benzophenone ([C 6 H 5 COC 6 H 4 -O-(CH 2 ) n -N + Me 2 R][X – ]; 4, R = C 12 H 25, n = 3, X – = Br –; 5a – c, R = C 18 H 37, n = 3, X – = Cl –, Br –, I –; 6a – c, R = C 18 H 37, n = 4, X – = Cl –, Br –, I –; 7a – c, R = C 18 H 37, n = 6, X – = Cl –, Br –, I – ) terminated C 12 and C 18 quaternary ammonium salts (QACs) were prepared by thermal or microwave-driven Menshutkin protocols of the appropriate benzophenone alkyl halide ( 1a – c, 2a – c, 3a – c ) with the corresponding dodecyl- or octadecyl N, N -dimethylamine. All new compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, HRMS spectrometry, and, in one instance ( 4 ), by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Representative C 12 and C 18 benzophenone QACs were formulated into 1% (w/v) water or water/ethanol-based aerosol spray coatings and then UV-cured onto plastic substrates (polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyether ether ketone) with exposure to low to moderate doses of UV (20–30 J cm –2 ). Confirmation as to the presence of the coatings was detected by advancing water contact angle measurements, which revealed a more hydrophilic surface after coating. Further confirmation was gained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and bromophenol blue staining, all of which showed the presence of the attached quaternary ammonium molecule. Analysis of surfaces treated with the C 18 benzophenone 5b by atomic force microscopy and surface profilometry revealed a coating thickness of ∼350 nm. The treated samples along with controls were then evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive ( Arthrobacter sp., Listeria monocytogenes ) and Gram-negative ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) bacteria at a solid/air interface using the large drop inoculum protocol; this technique gave no evidence for cell adhesion after a 3 h time frame. These antimicrobial materials show promise for their use as coatings on plastic biomedical devices with the aim of preventing biofilm formation and preventing the spread of hospital acquired infections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".