SKI AND SNOWBOARD SCHOOL PROGRAMS: INCIDENCE OF GRADE-SPECIFIC INJURY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Participating in school sanctioned skiing and snowboarding programs is a great way to encourage physical activity in youth. However, there is little evidence on the rates of ski and snowboard injuries in school programs. This information is important to inform guidelines on appropriate activities for school physical education programs. Objective To evaluate incidence of grade group-specific ski and snowboard-related injuries. Design Historical cohort study. Setting Ski and snowboard school programs hosted at a ski area in Southern Alberta, Canada. Participants Students partaking in skiing/snowboarding during the 2013–2014 season at a ski area in Southern Alberta (N=16260 visits). Assessment of Risk Factors Risk factors observed include grade (1–3, 4–6, 7–12), ability (self-rated skill level), sex, activity and socioeconomic status (SES). Main Outcome Measurements Injury rates and injury severity. Injury information was extracted from Accident Report Forms completed by the ski patrol. Severe injuries were defined as patient final destination listed as hospital. Rate denominator data were obtained from school enrolment forms. Results Forty of 107 (24%) injuries reported to the ski patrol were severe. Adolescents (grade 7–12) were found to have a higher crude rate of injury (91/10,000 visits) than children (grades 1–3: 25/10,000 visits; grades 4–6: 25/10,000 visits). When adjusted for other observed risk factors (sex, activity, ability and SES) no significant differences were found for rate of injury between the three grade groups (1–3, 4–6 and 7–12). No severe injuries were observed in the grade 1–3 group. Conclusions Results indicate that participants in the grade 1–3 group had the lowest crude and adjusted rate of injury and did not sustain any severe injuries. Respectively, the grade 7–12 group had the highest rate of crude injury, both overall and severe. These results will help inform ski and snowboard programs and safety guidelines for physical activity programs in schools.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".