Effects of Hydrothermal Oxidation Temperature on the Performance of Natural Graphite as an Anode for Lithium-Ion Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Natural graphite (NG) was hydrothermally oxidized at room temperature, 100 ºC and 200 ºC respectively to analyze the effects of temperature on the electrochemical performance of the NG as an anode for lithium ion cells. Charge/discharge results showed that the sample treated at 100 ºC exhibited the highest initial intercalation capacity of 340.1 mAh/g and a Coulombic efficiency of 89.9%, while the sample treated at 200 ºC showed the highest capacity retention of 96.5% after 20 charge/discharge cycles. X-ray photoelectron spectra revealed that groups containing oxygen were present on the surface of all samples, which explains why the performance of the sample treated at room temperature shows slightly improved electrochemical performance that can be further improved by increasing the oxidation temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".