High-Efficiency Broadband C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Photocatalysts: Synergistic Effects from Upconversion and Plasmons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A plasmon and upconversion enhanced broadband photocatalyst based on Au nanoparticle (NP) and NaYF 4:Yb 3+, Er 3+, Tm 3+ (NYF) microsphere loaded graphitic C 3 N 4 (g-C 3 N 4 ) nanosheets (Au-NYF/g-C 3 N 4 ) was subtly designed and synthesized. The simple one-step synthesis of NYF in the presence of g-C 3 N 4, which has not been reported in the literature either, leads to both high NYF yield and high coupling efficiency between NYF and g-C 3 N 4 . The Au-NYF/g-C 3 N 4 structure exhibits high stability, wide photoresponse from the ultraviolet (UV), to visible and near-infrared regions, and prominently enhanced photocatalytic activities compared with the plain g-C 3 N 4 sample in the degradation of methyl orange (MO). In particular, with the optimization of Au loading, the rate constant normalized with the catalysts mass of the best-performing catalyst 1 wt % Au-NYF/g-C 3 N 4 (0.032 h –1 mg –1 ) far surpasses that of NYF/g-C 3 N 4 and g-C 3 N 4 (0.009 h –1 mg –1 ) by 3.6 times under λ > 420 nm light irradiation. The high performance of the Au-NYF/g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite under different light irradiations was ascribed to the distinctively promoted charge separation and suppressed recombination, and the efficient transfer of charge carriers and energy among these components. The promoted charge separation and transfer were further confirmed by photoelectrochemical measurements. The 1 wt % Au-NYF/g-C 3 N 4 exhibits enhanced photocurrent density (∼6.36 μA cm –2 ) by a factor of ∼5.5 with respect to that of NYF/g-C 3 N 4 sample (∼1.15 μA cm –2 ). Different mechanisms of the photodegradation under separate UV, visible, and NIR illuminations are unveiled and discussed in detail. Under simulated solar light illumination, the involved reactive species were identified by performing trapping experiments. This work highlights the great potential of developing highly efficient g-C 3 N 4 -based broadband photocatalysts for full solar spectrum utilization by integrating plasmonic nanostructures and upconverting materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".