039 Mycotoxin survey of common Bermudagrass in south-central Florida
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) is a warm-season perennial grass found across the southern United States. Evaluation of factors impacting production and reproductive performance of beef cow–calf pairs grazing pastures on a large ranch in south-central Florida led to the investigation of potential mycotoxin contamination in standing forages. Mycotoxins produced by molds infecting many grains and forages can compromise animal health and performance. Zearalenone (ZEN) is the mycotoxin frequently associated with reproduction-related effects due to its estrogenic activity. The distribution of mycotoxins in pastures at the farm was assessed between paddocks and over time. Samples were hand plucked (25 to 30 samples per paddock) during 4 sampling periods with a total of 157 sampled paddocks over time. Activation Laboratories (Ancaster, ON, Canada) analyzed samples for 15 mycotoxins via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Mycotoxin levels were reported on a dry basis in parts per billion (ppb; Table 039). Zearalenone was the predominant mycotoxin, detected in 61.1% of samples. Zearalenone prevalence was lower in May and August samples compared with March and January samples (P < 0.05). The concentration of ZEN in positive samples also tended to be lower in August samples. The combination of low prevalence and low concentrations in August meant that the estimated average sample level (overall Markov chain Monte Carlo mean; Table 039) was lower than in January (P < 0.05). Other mycotoxins detected included type A trichothecenes (T-2 or HT-2 toxin; 14.6%), type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol; 2.5%), sterigmatocystin (2.5%), and fumonisins (0.6%). Mycotoxins were detected in 62.4% of samples whereas 18.5% of samples tested positive for multiple mycotoxins. We conclude that additional sampling across a larger geographic region is needed to determine the wider significance of mycotoxins in common Bermudagrass. Summary of zearalenone results in pasture samples over time a,bValues in the same column sharing a letter were not significantly different (95% confidence level). Percent positive tested with χ2 and monthly means tested with Bayesian inference (106 iterations), R version 3.3.2. 1Markov chain Monte Carlo methods used to estimate means of all samples within a month and of samples positive for ZEN within a month.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".