Citrate Addition Increased Phosphorus Bioavailability and Enhanced Gasoline Bioremediation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) bioavailability often limits gasoline biodegradation in calcareous cold-region soils. One possible method to increase P bioavailability in such soils is the addition of citrate. Citrate addition at the field scale may increase hydrocarbon degradation by: (i) enhancing inorganic and organic P dissolution and desorption, (ii) increasing hydrocarbon bioavailability, and/or (iii) stimulating microbial activity. Alternatively, citrate addition may inhibit activity due to competitive effects on carbon metabolism. Using a field-scale in situ biostimulation study, we evaluated if citrate could stimulate gasoline degradation and what the dominant mechanism of this stimulation will be. Two large bore injectors were constructed at a site contaminated with gasoline, and a biostimulation solution of 11 mM MgSO, 1 mM HPO, and 0.08 mM HNO at pH 6.5 in municipal potable water was injected at ∼5000 L d for about 4 mo. Following this, 10 mM citric acid was incorporated into the existing biostimulation solution and the site continued to be stimulated for 8 mo. After citrate addition, the bioavailable P fraction in groundwater and soil increased. Iron(II) groundwater concentrations increased and corresponded to decreases in benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes (BTEX) in groundwater, as well as a decrease in F1 in the soil saturated zone. Overall, citrate addition increased P bioavailability and may stimulate anaerobic microbial activity, resulting in accelerated anaerobic gasoline bioremediation in cold-region calcareous soils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".