Thermal inactivation of spores of Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium difficile
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There are inadequate evidence on the sporicidal effect of hot water. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of hot water against spores of Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium difficile. A portion (0.05 ml) of the spore suspension was used to inoculate 4.95 ml of sterilized distilled hot water. After standing for 1, 2, 5, 10, 30, and 60 min, 0.5 ml was added to 4.5 ml of physiological saline at room temperature (20°C–22°C). The spores of B. atrophaeus were the most resistant to hot water, followed by those of B. anthracis, B. cereus, and C. difficile. Disinfection of spores using hot water required contact at 100°C for 30 min for B. atrophaeus and B. anthracis, at 90°C for 30 min or at 100°C for 5 min for B. cereus, and at 90°C for 10 min or at 100°C for 2 min for C. difficile. All tested spores cannot be killed under the general conditions of use of hot-water washing machines (70°C–80°C, 10 min), but the spores of C. difficile can be killed under the general conditions of use of washer disinfectors (90°C–93°C, 10 min).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".