An invisible stimulus influences pointing trajectories even when presented during movement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the masked priming paradigm, a small visual (prime) stimulus is briefly presented and quickly followed by a larger visible (mask) stimulus, which indicates the target location and prevents the prime from reaching conscious awareness. Previous studies in which participants were required to complete a pointing response in accordance with the identity of the mask have shown that the prime, when presented at movement onset, initially results in deviations in the direction indicated by the prime. The purpose of the current experiment was to determine whether the prime is able to influence movement when it is presented following various delays relative to movement onset, as depending on movement velocity, the prime may be unable to influence the movement to the same extent when presented later in the trajectory. Twelve participants initiated 540 rapid reaches to a center target. The prime was presented 17, 33, or 50 ms after movement onset followed 50 ms later by the mask. On 66% of the trials, participants landed on the center target within 400-600 ms in response to a neutral prime and mask. In the remaining trials, a neutral, left or right-pointing prime arrow preceded a left or right-pointing mask arrow requiring participants to modify their movements to the respective target. Regardless of prime onset delay, movement deviations first occurred in the direction indicated by the prime. Consequently, the prime was still able to influence the movement despite the prime appearing later during the pointing trajectory.Acknowledgments: OGS, NSERC
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".