Physiological levels of formate activate mitochondrial superoxide/hydrogen peroxide release from mouse liver mitochondria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Here, we found that formate, an essential one‐carbon metabolite, activates superoxide ( )/hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) release from mitochondria. Sodium formate (30 μ m ) induces a significant increase in /H 2 O 2 production in liver mitochondria metabolizing pyruvate (50 μ m ). At concentrations deemed to be toxic, formate does not increase /H 2 O 2 production further. It was observed that the formate‐mediated increase in /H 2 O 2 production is not associated with cytochrome c oxidase ( COX ) inhibition or changes in membrane potential and NAD (P)H levels. Sodium formate supplementation increases phosphorylating respiration without altering proton leaks. Finally, it was observed that the 2‐oxoglutarate dehydrogenase ( OGDH ) inhibitors 3‐methyl‐2‐oxovaleric acid ( KMV ) and CPI ‐613 inhibit the formate‐induced increase in pyruvate‐driven ROS production. The importance of these findings in one‐carbon metabolism and physiology are discussed herein.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".