Recoverable Self-Polarization in Lead-Free Bismuth Sodium Titanate Piezoelectric Thin Films
Bibliographic record
Abstract
(BNT), is a promising lead-free ferroelectric material. However, its potential applications have not been fully explored, mainly because of the complex domain structure arising from its intricate phase transitions. A deep and thorough study of its domain structure and polarization switching behavior will greatly help with understanding the polarization nature and with promoting future applications. In this work, we demonstrate that BNT polycrystalline films possess a highly ordered out-of-plane polarization (self-polarization) and randomly oriented in-plane polarizations. Interestingly, the inherent nature of polarization in the BNT films does not allow for the nonvolatile domain writing, as the switched polarization spontaneously and rapidly reverses to the initial orientation state once the external poling electric field is removed, making the self-polarization recoverable. Such a stable self-polarization vanishes gradually with temperature increasing over 150 °C but starts to recover to its initial state upon cooling down to 250 °C, and entirely recovers once the temperature is reduced to below 200 °C. Such interesting properties of BNT films are attributed to the combined effects of the free charges at the Pt electrode, (detected) cation vacancies at the oxide/Pt interface and the defects in oxide lattices. Our results make a step closer to fully understand the nature of polarization and related piezoelectricity in BNT. Such films with recoverable self-polarization are of great interest for applications as sensors, actuators, and transducers that can operate particularly under high temperatures and high electric field conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".