Experimental simulation and mathematical modelling of clogging in stone column
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, time-dependent clogging is studied considering a unit cell consisting of a single stone column interacting with the surrounding soft clay. Clogging is assessed quantitatively and the corresponding void space of the column is determined using computed tomography. It is observed that the extent of clogging is substantial in the upper part of the column, but diminishes rapidly with depth. The soil properties in the clogged zone are determined indirectly through additional tests of clay–aggregates mixtures with various clay fractions. An equal strain consolidation model based on the principle of unit cell analysis is developed to capture both the initial and time-dependent clogging. The model accounts for a reduction in permeability and an increase in compressibility of the column. This current model, as expected, offers identical results to some previous studies if clogging is ignored, while the comparison with other selected models demonstrates the influence that clogging of the stone column can have on the consolidation of the surrounding soil. Furthermore, load–settlement predictions from the proposed “equal strain” model are also compared with the consolidation response of a previously developed “free strain” model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".